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Main article:
Christianity and antisemitism
In the
Middle Ages Antisemitism in Europe was religious. Though not part of
Roman Catholic dogma, many Christians, including members of the
clergy, have held the Jewish people collectively responsible for killing Jesus, a practice originated by
Melito of Sardis. As stated in the
Boston College Guide to Passion Plays, "Over the course of time, Christians began to accept... that the Jewish people as a whole were responsible for killing Jesus. According to this interpretation, both the Jews present at Jesus Christ's death and the Jewish people collectively and for all time, have committed the sin of
deicide, or God-killing. For 1900 years of Christian-Jewish history, the charge of deicide has led to hatred, violence against and murder of Jews in Europe and America."[SUP]
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During the
High Middle Ages in Europe there was full-scale persecution in many places, with
blood libels, expulsions,
forced conversions and
massacres. An underlying source of prejudice against Jews in Europe was religious. Jews were frequently massacred and exiled from various European countries. The persecution hit its first peak during the
Crusades. In the
First Crusade (1096) flourishing communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed; see
German Crusade, 1096. In the
Second Crusade (1147) the Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres. The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the
Shepherds' Crusades of 1251 and 1320. The Crusades were followed by expulsions, including in, 1290,
the banishing of all English Jews; in 1396, 100,000 Jews were expelled from France; and, in 1421 thousands were expelled from Austria. Many of the expelled Jews fled to Poland.[SUP]
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As the
Black Death epidemics devastated Europe in the mid-14th century, annihilating more than a half of the population, Jews were taken as
scapegoats. Rumors spread that they caused the disease by deliberately
poisoning wells. Hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed by violence in the
Black Death persecutions. Although
Pope Clement VI tried to protect them by the July 6, 1348
papal bull and another 1348 bull, several months later, 900 Jews were burnt alive in
Strasbourg, where the plague hadn't yet affected the city.[SUP]
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Jews in India faced no persecution from Hindus from the time they migrated to India, but they were subjugated by Christian missionaries during the
Goa Inquisition from the year 1552. Portuguese invaders in the South India committed massive atrocities on South Indian Jewry in the 17th Century.[SUP]
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In the
Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called
ghettos. Until the 1840s, they were required to regularly attend sermons urging their conversion to Christianity. Only Jews were taxed to support state boarding schools for Jewish converts to Christianity. It was illegal to convert from Christianity to Judaism. Sometimes Jews were baptized involuntarily, and, even when such baptisms were illegal, forced to practice the Christian religion. In many such cases the state separated them from their families. See
Edgardo Mortara for an account of one of the most widely publicized instances of acrimony between Catholics and Jews in the
Papal States in the second half of the 19th century.
In the 19th and (before the end of the second World War) 20th centuries, the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good anti-Semitism" and "bad anti-Semitism".[SUP]
[citation needed][/SUP] The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc.[SUP]
[citation needed][/SUP] Many[SUP]
[who?][/SUP] Catholic bishops wrote articles criticizing Jews on such grounds, and, when accused of promoting hatred of Jews, would remind people that they condemned the "bad" kind of anti-Semitism.[SUP]
[citation needed][/SUP] A detailed account is found in historian
David Kertzer's book
The Popes Against the Jews.
Regards
DL