There are a number of types of vegetarianism, which exclude or include various foods.
- Ovo vegetarianism includes eggs but not dairy products.
- Lacto vegetarianism includes dairy products but not eggs.
- Ovo-lacto vegetarianism (or lacto-ovo vegetarianism) includes animal/dairy products such as eggs, milk, and honey.
- Veganism excludes all animal flesh and animal products, including milk, honey, and eggs, and may also exclude any products tested on animals, or any clothing from animals.[20]
- Raw veganism includes only fresh and uncooked fruit, nuts, seeds, and vegetables. Vegetables can only be cooked up to a certain temperature.[21]
- Fruitarianism permits only fruit, nuts, seeds, and other plant matter that can be gathered without harming the plant.[22]
- Buddhist vegetarianism (also known as su vegetarianism) excludes all animal products as well as vegetables in the allium family (which have the characteristic aroma of onion and garlic): onion, garlic, scallions, leeks, or shallots.
- Jain vegetarianism includes dairy but excludes eggs and honey, as well as root vegetables.
- Macrobiotic diets consist mostly of whole grains and beans.
Some vegetarians also avoid products that may use animal ingredients not included in their labels or which use animal products in their manufacturing; for example, sugars that are whitened with
bone char, cheeses that use animal rennet (enzymes from animal stomach lining), gelatin (derived from the
collagen inside animals' skin, bones and
connective tissue), some
cane sugar (but not
beet sugar) and apple juice/alcohol clarified with gelatin or crushed shellfish and sturgeon, while other vegetarians are unaware of such ingredients.
[3][4][5]
Individuals may describe themselves as "vegetarian" while practicing a
semi-vegetarian diet,
[8][23][24] as some dictionary definitions pertaining to vegetarianism vary and include the consumption of fish,
[7] while other definitions exclude fish and all animal flesh.
[10] In other cases, individuals may simply describe themselves as "flexitarian".
[23] These diets may be followed by those who reduce animal flesh consumed as a way of transitioning to a complete/and or true vegetarian diet or for health, environmental, or other reasons. Semi-vegetarian diets include:
- pescetarianism, which includes fish and sometimes other seafood;
- pollotarianism, which includes poultry;
- "pollo-pescatarian", which includes poultry and fish, or "white meat" only;
- macrobiotic diets consisting mostly of whole grains and beans, but may sometimes include fish.
Semi-vegetarianism is contested by vegetarian groups who state that vegetarianism excludes all animal flesh.
[10]
